Wound documentation: getting the terminology right.

The nurses documentation of a patients wounds may be used as evidence.
And it is often seen by the legal profession as very important evidence, so it is vital we get it right.
Objective and forensically accurate documentation is something we do not do very well (or at least…I don’t), and there is often confusion around terminology.
A common example is the confusion between lacerations and incisions.

Here is a quick overview for describing and documenting wounds resulting from trauma (Please contribute any tips, corrections or additions).

Bruises:

A bruise results from the application of blunt force to the skin surface. Blood infiltrates the surrounding tissues from vessels ruptured during the impact.
Bruises may become more pronounced hours, or even day after they were inflicted as blood diffuses closer to the skins surface.
The shape of the bruise will often be affected by gravity as it ages. Sometimes a large bruise around the eye and cheek may have ‘gravitated’ from an initial injury to the scalp.

As a rule, the larger the bruise, the longer it will take to subside. This may range from days to weeks.
It is very difficult to estimate the age of a bruise.
As the extravasated red blood cells near the surface are reabsorbed the initial red-blue or purple-black of a fresh bruise, the colour may shift to a bluish-green or a mix of browns and yellows.
Bruising with yellow colouration present can be considered at least 18–24 hours old.
Bruising does not usually eventuate from any injury post mortem as there is no pressure within the vessels to spread blood.

Petechiae are pinhole sized haemorrhages on the skin that may be produced by mechanical trauma, constriction of clothing, or suction (as in the love bite).
Petechiae do not blanch when pressed.
Petechiae may also be observed on serous membranes or conjunctivae and may be associated with mechanical asphyxia.
Importantly, petechiae may also be caused by medically related problems such as sepsis.

Purpura are larger and more irregular than petechiae. They are often seen in the elderly who have an increased haemorrhagic tendency.

Ecchymoses are larger still, and blotchy in appearance. They are usually caused by a physiological mechanism and the word should be avoided when describing wounds.

Haematoma occurs when blood collects under the skin surface rather than diffusing into the tissues.

Lacerations:

Lacerations result when a direct blunt force or shearing blow results in the full thickness splitting of the skin.
Lacerations have ragged edges (or margins) that are often bruised.
Lacerations may contain foreign particles such as dirt or grit, or glass which should be documented.

Sometimes (particularly on scalp wounds) the laceration may have split the skin in a straight (ie not ragged) edge, but remember, if the injury was caused by bunt direct force, it is a laceration.

Lacerations are rarely self inflicted due to the significant pain that accompanies their production.

Incisions:

Incisions are caused by the sharp edge of a cutting instrument such as a knife or tool or the sharp edge of broken glass (but remember, a thrown bottle that breaks over someones head will more likely result in lacerations than incisions.)
Incisions have straight edges with little soiling or contamination and are often longer than their depth.
If deep they may result in profuse bleeding.
If they cross Langer’ cleavage lines¹ , the resulting wound may gape.

Stab wounds:

Stab wounds penetrate with a depth greater than their length. Can be caused by a large variety of objects resulting in differing appearances at the skin level.
A double edged blade, for example may result in an elliptical wound whilst a blade like a kitchen knife may result in a triangular or fish-tail wound due to it’se non-cutting back edge.

Importantly, due to the elasticity of tissue, the actual surface length of the stab wound is a poor indicator of the actual width of the instrument that caused it (and if the blade entered the skin at an angle the wound may be far longer than it’s width).

The depth of a stab wound depends on many factors including the amount of force delivered, movement of the victim, sharpness and shape of the blade. Again you cannot tell the depth of the wound from its surface appearance.

Documentation:

The most important tip is to remember NOT to interpret the appearance of any wounds.
You just want to describe them.
Also, the use of diagrams/drawings and photographs may prove invaluable.
If you are going to photograph a wound for documentation purposes you can use a 10ml syringe placed next to the wound to provide a size reference. But make sure you always take a second photo with the syringe removed to provide proof that you have not accidentally obscured any evidence under it.

You can consider the following template to guide your wound documentation:

1. Site. Anatomical position.
2. Size. Dimensions of wound should be measured.
3. Shape. Curved. Linear. Irregular. Straight etc.
4. Surrounds. Condition of nearby tissues.
5. Colour. Particularly when describing bruises.
6. Contents. Note presence of foreign material in or around the wound.
7. Borders. Note any characteristics of the edges of the wound.

Other documenations:

Bite marks usually consist of semi-circular arches or patterned bruises/abrasions. May have a discernible dentition pattern. Try not to interpret the wound but just describe the appearance.

Abrasions results in injury to the superficial (epidermis) layer of the skin by pressure and movement applied simultaneously.
Examples include scratches, imprints or friction grazes.
Does not bleed but may exude tissue fluid.

Avulsions involve the tearing away of skin or tissue (eg teeth, fingernails, skin from scalp).

Patterned injuries should be described or drawn.

Anatomical compass:

• Lateral – toward side
• Distal – away from centre
• Medial – toward middle
• Posterior – back, underside
• Superior – Top, up
• Inferior – below, down
• Proximal – Towards body
• Distal – Away from body
• Palmar (hand) – towards palm, also volar
• Dorsal (hand) – opposite of palmar
• Plantar (foot) – towards bottom of foot, also volar
• Dorsal – opposite of plantar

 

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Provenance:
Clinical Forensic Medicine by W. D. McLay
ISBN 1900151200 (1–900151–20–0)
Softcover, Greenwich Medical Media Limited

1. first described by anatomist Karl Langer, these topological ‘lines’ describe the natural orientation of collagen fibbers in the dermal layer of the skin. If a wound runs across these lines rather than parallel to them, elastic forces will tend to open it. [↩]